牛津实用英语语法-第79章
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People believe/know/say/suppose/think that he is living abroad.
据信/据知/据说/据猜测/据认为他住在国外。
You are supposed to be working.相当于:
You should be working.
你本应在工作。
在这里也可用不定式的完成进行式:
He is believed to have been waiting for a message.相当于:
People believed that he was waiting for a message.
据信他当时一直在等待消息。
You are supposed to have been working.相当于:
You should have been working.
你那时本该一直在工作。
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第三十一章?间 接 引 语?
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307 直接引语和间接引语
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可以用两种方法重述人们说的话:直接引语和间接引语。
直接引语重述说话人的原话:
He said,‘I have lost my umbrella.’
他说:“我把伞丢了。”
这样被复述的话要放在引号之间,而在原话之前有一个逗号或冒号。直接引语一般用在书本的对话中,或用在剧本以及引文中。间接引语能准确传达原话的内容,但不一定要全部照搬原话:
He said(that)he had lost his umbrella.
他说他丢了伞。
表间接引语的动词say之后没有逗号,在say和tell+宾语之后的that也可以省略。但在plain,explain,object,point out,protest等动词之后,that不能省略。口头复述对话时,常多使用间接引语,但有时也可使用直接引语以产生更为生动的效果。
把直接引语变为间接引语时,常需对原句作某些改变。可以对陈述句、疑问句和祈使句分别加以研究,以求更好地弄清这些变化。
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308 间接引语中的陈述句时态须作必要的改变
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A 间接引语可以由用现在时态的动词引导:He says that…
这种用法常用于下列情况:
(a)复述仍在进行中的对话;
(b)读信件并转述信中的内容;
(c)读指示命令并转述其内容;
(d)复述某人经常说的话。
Tom says that he′ll never get married.
汤姆说他永远不结婚。
引述的动词如是一般现在时、现在完成时或一般将来时,在转述直接引语过程中可以不作任何时态改变:
Paul(phoning from the station):I′m trying to get a taxi.
保罗(从车站打电话来):我正在设法雇出租汽车。
Ann(to Mary,who is standing beside her):Paul says he is trying to get a taxi.
安(对站在身旁的玛丽说):保罗说他正在设法雇出租汽车。
B 通常间接引语都是由用过去时态的动词引导的。这时直接引语中的动词必须变成相应的过去时态。这些变化列表如下(在后五个例句中省去了that):
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C 注意I /we shall/should的用法
I/we shall通常在间接引语中变为he/she/they would:
‘I shall be 21 tomorrow,’said Bill.
比尔说:“明天我就21岁了。”相当于:
Bill said he would be 21 the following day.
比尔说第二天他就满21周岁了。
如果句子是由原说话人复述的,I/we shall就既可以变成I/we
should,也可以变成I/we would,但would用得更为普遍。
同样,I/we should在间接引语中通常变成he/she/they would:
‘If I had the instruction manual I should/would know what to do,’said Bill.
比尔说:“如果我有说明书,我就知道该怎么弄了。”相当于:
Bill said that if he had the instruction manual he would know what to do.
比尔说如果他有说明书他就知道该怎么弄了。
但是如果句子由原说话人复述,I/we should既可以保持不变也可以由would来代替。请见B中最后一个例句。
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309 过去时态有时保持不变
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A 从理论上讲,间接引语中一般过去时应当变成过去完成时,但在口语中,如果不至于使人对于动作发生的相对时间产生混淆,则常保持不变。
例如:He said,‘I loved her’(他说:“我爱过她”)必须变成He said he had loved her(他说他爱过她),否则句子的意思就会不一样了。但He said,‘Ann arrived on Monday’(他说:“安是星期一到的”)可以转述为He said Ann arrived/had arrived on Monday(他说安是星期一到的/他说安已于星期一到达)。
B 从理论上讲,过去进行时应当变成过去完成进行时,但实际上除非所指的是已完成的动作,否则一般都不变:
She said,‘We were thinking of selling the house but we have decided not to.’
她说:“我们曾想卖掉这所房子,但现在已经决定不卖了。”相当于:
She said that they had been thinking of selling the house but had decided not to.
她说他们曾想卖掉这所房子,但现在已经决定不卖了。
但是:
He said,‘When I saw them they were playing tennis.’
他说:“我看到他们时,他们在打网球。”相当于:
He said that when he saw them they were playing tennis.
他说他看到他们时,他们在打网球。
C 英语书面语中,一般过去时在间接引语中固然常常变成过去完成时,但也有以下几种例外情况:
1 时间从句中的一般过去时及过去进行时常不需改变:
He said,‘When we were living /lived in Paris…’
他说:“我们住在巴黎的时候……”相当于:
He said that when they were living in Paris…
他说他们住在巴黎的时候……
这类间接引语的主句中的主要动词既可保持不变,也可以变成过去完成时:
He said,‘When we were living/lived in Paris we often saw Paul.’
他说:“我们住在巴黎时,常常看到保罗。”相当于:
He said that when they were living/lived in Paris they often saw/had of- ten seen Paul.
他说他们住在巴黎时,常常看到保罗。
2 如一般过去时被用来叙述转述时仍继续存在的情况,则在间接引语中保持不变:
She said,‘I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road.’
她说:“我决定不买这座房子了,因为它在交通要道上。”相当于:
She said that she had decided not to buy the house because it was on amain road.
她说她决定不买这座房子了,因为它在交通要道上。
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310 间接引语中的虚拟过去时
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A 虚拟过去时如位于wish,would rather/sooner和it is time等
之后,在间接引语中保持不变:
‘we wish we didn′t have to take exams,’said the children.
孩子们说:“我们不考试就好了。”相当于:
The children said they wished they didn′t have to take exams.
孩子们说他们不考试就好了。
‘Bill wants to go alone,’said Ann,‘but I′d rather he went with a group.
“比尔想一个人去,”安说,“但是我宁愿他跟一大群人一起去。”相当于:
Ann said that Bill wanted to go alone but that she′d rather he went with a group
安说比尔想一个人去,但她宁愿他跟一大群人一起去。
It′s time we began planning our holidays,’he said.
他说:“我们该开始计划我们休假的事了。”相当于:
He said that it was time they began planning their holidays.
他说他们该开始计划他们休假的事了。
B I/he/she/we/they had better在间接引语里保持不变。 you had better可以保持不变,或者用advise+宾语+不定式结构进行转述(参见第120节):
‘The children had better go to bed early,’said Tom.
汤姆说:“孩子们最好早点睡觉。”相当于:
Tom said that the children had better go to bed early.
汤姆说孩子们最好早睡觉。
‘You′d better not drink the water,’she said.
她说:“你最好不要喝这水。”相当于:
She advised/warned us not to drink the water.
她劝告(或告诫)我们不要喝这水。
C 条件句类型2和类型3在间接引语里保持不变(参见第229节):
‘If my children were older I would emigrate,’he said.
他说:“如果我的孩子们再大点的话,我就会移居国外。”相当于:
He said that if his children were older he would emigrate.
他说如果他的孩子们再大点的话他就会移居国外。
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311 间接陈述中的might,ought to,should,would,used to
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燗 might除用于表示请求的意思外,在间接引语里保持不变:
He said,‘Ann might ring today.’
他说:“安今天可能会打电话来。”相当于:
He said that Ann might ring(that day).
他说安(那天)可能会打电话。相当于:
但是:
‘You might post these for me,’he said.
他说:“你可以帮我把这些寄出去。”相当于:
He asked me to post them for him.
他让我替他把那些寄出去。
(关于各种请求的表示法,参见第2