牛津实用英语语法-第22章
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限定性关系从句常常跟在the+名词之后,但也可以用于a/ an+名词、不加the的复数名词、代词all,none,anybody, somebody等以及those之后。
a/an+名词、不带the的复数名词及somebody/someone/some- thing之后的从句有时只是间接地限定这些名词/代词。
在这种情况下名词/代词常常是动词或介词的宾语:
I met someone who said he knew you.
我碰到了说自己认识你的一个人。
The book is about a girl who falls in love with…
这本书是关于一个女孩,她爱上了……
有时这些从句由一个词或短语将它们与名词/代词分开:
There’s a man here who wants…
这儿有个男人,他想要……
I saw something in the paper which would interest you.
我在报上看到了一些你会感兴趣的东西。
但是,通常关系从句应该紧跟在它们修饰的名词或代词之后:
The noise that he made woke everybody up.
他弄出的响声把大家都吵醒了。
She was annoyed by something that I had said.
她为我说的某句话而不高兴。
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73用于限定性关系从句的关系代词
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词形变化如下:
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ABC Amber CHM Converter v6。22
Trial version
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'Amber demo'
74指人的限定性关系从句
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A主格
用who或that,通常用who:
The man who robbed you has been arrested.
抢劫你的那个人已经被逮捕了。
The girls who serve in the shop are the owner’s daughters.
在店里接待顾客的那几个女孩都是店老板的女儿。
Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in.
只有那些预先订票的人可以进去。
Would anyone who saw the accident please get in touch with the police?
凡亲眼看见发生事故的人请与警方联系。
但是在all,everyone,everybody,no one,nobody和those后面,也可用that替代who:
Everyone who/that knew him liked him.
认得他的人都喜欢他。
Nobody who/that watched the match will ever forget it.
看了这场比赛的人都不会忘记它。
B动词的宾语
用whom,who或that。
指人的关系代词的宾格形式是whom,但这被认为是十分正规的说法。在口语中经常使用who和that来代替whom(that 比who更常用);更加普遍的是索性把宾格关系代词省略:
The man whom I saw told me to e back today.
我见到的那个人叫我今天返回。或:
The man who I saw…
The man that I saw…
The man I saw…(省略关系代词)
The girls whom he employs are always plaining about their pay.
他雇用的那些女孩子们老是抱怨薪水太低。或:
The girls who he employs…
The girls that he employs…
The girls he employs…(省略关系代词)
C介词的宾语
用whom或that。
在正规的英语中介词通常位于关系代词之前,这时关系代词
必须使用whom这一形式:
the man to whom I spoke我跟说话的那个人
而在非正式的口语中经常把介词置于句末。这时用that来代替whom,但更加普遍的是索性省略关系代词:
the man who/whom I spoke to
the man that I spoke to
the man I spoke to
同样:
The man from whom I bought it told me to oil it.
卖给我这件东西的那个人嘱咐我给它上点油。或:
The man who/that I bought it from…
The man I bought it from…
The friend with whom I was travelling spoke French.
和我一起旅行的那个朋友讲法语。或:
The friend who/that I was travelling with…
The friend I was travelling with…
D所有格
关系代词的所有格只有whose这一种形式:
People whose rents have been raised can appeal.
那些被增加了租金的人可以上诉。
The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.
这部电影是关于一个被自己妻子出卖的间谍的故事。
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75指物的限定性关系从句
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A主语
用which或that,而which较正式:
This is the picture which/that cansed such a sensation.
这就是那部轰动一时的电影。
The stairs which/that lead to the cellar are rather slippery.
通向地窖的楼梯相当滑。
(另参见下面B。)
B动词的宾语
用which,that或干脆省略关系代词:
The car which/that I hired broke down.或:
我租用的那辆小汽车抛锚了。
The car I hired…
一般在all,everything,little,much,none,no,由no构成的复合词及形容词的最高级形式之后很少使用which,而常用that。如果这个关系代词是动词的宾语时也可省略:
All the apples that fall are eaten by the pigs.
掉在地上的苹果都让猪吃了。
This is the best hotel(that) I know.
这是我所知道的最好的饭店。
C介词的宾语
规范的结构是介词+which,但通常都把介词移到从句的末尾,用关系代词which,that或干脆省去关系代词:
The ladder on which I was standing began to slip.
我脚下的梯子开始向下滑动。或:
The ladder which/that I was standing on began to slip.
The ladder I was standing on began to slip.
D所有格
可以用whose+从句这种结构,但通常是用with+短语这种结构来代替它:
a house whose walls were made of glass用玻璃做墙的房子
a house with glass walls(译文同上)
E关系副词
用when,where,why。
注意:when可以代替用于指时间的in/on which:
the year when(=in which)he was born他出生的那一年
the day when(=on which)they arrived他们到达的那一天
where可以代替用于指地点的in/at which:the hotel/where(=in/at which) they were staying他们当时住的旅店why可代替for which:
The reason why he refused is…
他拒绝的理由是……
when,where和why有这种用法时叫做关系副词。
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76分裂句:it+be+名词/代词+限定性关系从句
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It was 'Tom who helped us.
是汤姆帮助了我们。(不是比尔或杰克)
It was 'Ann that I saw 。
我看见的是安。(不是玛丽)
如上文那样宾语是专有名词时,that要比who更常用。用于指其他一切宾语时,that是正确的:
It’s the manager that we want to see.
我们要见的是经理。
It was wine that we ordered.
我们要的是红葡萄酒。(不是啤酒)
that常用于指非人称主语:
It’s speed that causes accidents,not bad roads.
造成车祸的常是超速行驶,而不是路况不好。
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77用不定式或分词替代关系从句的情况
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A不定式可用于下列各情况:
1在the first/second等词及the last/only等词之后,有时还在最高级形式之后:
the last man to leave the ship=the last man who left/leaves the ship最后离开船的那个人
the only one to understand=the only one who understood/understands唯一理解的人
注意:这里的动词不定式取代了主格代词+动词的结构。但它不能用来取代宾格代词+动词的结构,如the first man that we saw(我们看见的第一个人)中的从句就不能用动词不定式来代替,因为the first man to see(首先要见的人)这句话表示的是截然不同的意思。但如果that是被动句的主语,如the first man that was seen(第一个被看见的人),则可用一个动词不定式的被动形式:the first man to be seen(第一个被看见的人)来代替这一从句。
2句中含某种目的或许可的意义时:
He has a lot of books to read.
他有许多书要读。(许多可以读或必须要读的书)
She had something to do.
她有事要办。(一件她可以办或必须办的事)
They need a garden to play in.
他们需要有一个可供玩耍的花园。(他们可以在里面玩耍的一个花园)
注意:这里的动词不定式取代了动词+宾格关系代词的结构。有人可能会认为动词不定式的这两种用法会引起混乱,实际上这种情况很少出现,因为句中的其他部分会使动词不定式的含义变得很清楚。the first man to see这一短语本身可以理解成the first man that we must see(我们要见的第一个人,man是宾语)或the first man who saw(第一个见到某种别的人或物的人,man是主语),而当它成为句子的一部分时,其含义就显而易见了。
The first man to see is Tom.相当于:
The first man that we must see is Tom.
我们首先要见的人是汤姆。
但是:
The first man to see me was Tom.相当于:
The first man who saw me was Tom.
第一个看到我的人是汤姆。
B现在分词可用于下列各种情况:
1从句中的主要动词是进行时态时:
People who are/were waiting for the bus often shelter/sheltered in my doorway.相当于:
People waiting for the bus often shelter/sheltered…
等公共汽车的人们常常在我家门口躲风避雨。
2从句中动词表示一个习惯性或连续性的动作时