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第19章

牛津实用英语语法-第19章

小说: 牛津实用英语语法 字数: 每页3000字

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用于物:主格/宾格牋牋 what(代词,形容词)
用于选择范围有限的人或物:主格/宾格which(代词,形容词)
上述这些疑问形容词和疑问代词的单、复数形式都是相同的。
what也可以用于指人。(参见第58节D。)




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55 who,whose等用做主语时后接肯定动词

who,whose,which,what作主语时,通常接一个肯定动词而不是疑问动词:
Who pays the bills?
谁付帐?(肯定动词)
Whose/Which horse won?
谁的/哪匹马赢了?(肯定动词)
What happened?/What went wrong?
出了什么事?/出了什么毛病?(肯定动词,可能的回答如We missedthe train/had an accident。)
但who,whose等后跟be+名词或人称代词时,要用疑问动词:
Who are you?
你是谁?
Whose is this?
这是谁的?
What is that noise?
那噪音是怎么回事?
who,whose等作动词或介词的宾语时,整句当然需要用疑问动词。




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56 who,whom,whose,winch和what的用法举例

A who,whom,whose
who作主语:
Who keeps the keys?
谁保管那些钥匙?(肯定动词)
Who took my gun?
谁拿了我的枪?(肯定动词)
Who are these boys?
这些男孩是谁?(疑问动词)
who,whom作动词宾语:
常用英语:
Who did you see?
你见到谁了?
很正式的英语:
Whom did the mittee appoint?
委员会指定了谁?
whose作主语或主语的一部分:
Whose car broke down?
谁的车子发生了故障?(肯定动词)
Whose(books)are these?
这些(书)是谁的?(疑问动词)
whose作动词宾语或主语的一部分:
Whose umbrella did you borrow?
你借了谁的雨伞?
B which
Which作主语或主语的一部分:
Which pigeon arrived first?
哪一只鸽子先到达的?(肯定动词)
Which of them is the eldest?
他们中谁的年龄最大?(肯定动词)
which作动词宾语或宾语的一部分:
Which hand do you use?
你用哪一只手?
Which of these dates would you prefer?
这几个日期你喜欢哪一个?
C what
what作主语或主语的一部分:
What caused the explosion?
是什么引起爆炸的?(肯定动词)
What kind of tree is that?
那是哪种树?(肯定动词)
what作动词宾语或宾语的一部分:
What paper do you read?
你经常看什么报纸?
What did they eat?
他们吃了什么?




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57 who,whom,which和what作介词宾语

A who,whom
在正规英语中我们用介词+whom结构:
With whom did you go?
你和谁一起去的?
To whom were you speaking?
你刚才在跟谁说话?
但在日常口语中我们常把介词置于句末。这时一般将whom变成who:
Who did you go with?
Who were you speaking to?
B which,what
在正规英语中我们用介词+which/what结构:
To which address did you send it?
你把东西寄到哪个地址去了?
On what do you base your theory?
你的理论依据是什么?
在非正规英语中我们将介词置于句末:
Which address did you send it to?
What do you base your theory on?




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58 what的用法

A what是一个指事物的疑问词:
What bird is that?
那是什么鸟?
What makes that noise?
什么发出的噪音?
What country do you e from?
你是哪国人?
What did he say?
他说了什么?
B what…for?意为“为什么”:
What did you do that for?相当于:
Why did you do that?
你为什么做那事?
C what+be…like?要求对方进行描述,可以用于人或物:
—What was the exam like?
—It was very difficult.
—这次考试怎么样?
—难极了。
—What was the weather like?
—It was very windy.
—天气怎么样?
—风很大。
—What’s the food like in your hostel?
—It’s quite good.
—你们学生公寓的伙食怎么样?
—还不错。
用于人时,既可指人的外表,也可指人的性格、品质:
He’s short and fat and wears glasses.
他个子不高,很胖,戴眼镜。
He’s a very talkative,friendly man.
他是一个非常健谈、和善的人。
what does he/she/it look like?仅指外表,也表示他/她/它像谁(什么):
—What does she look like?
—She is tall and glamorous.She looks like a film star.
牎な裁囱?
—她个子很高,很有魅力。看上去像个电影明星。
—What does it look like?
—It’s black and shiny.It looks like coal.
—它看上去什么样?
—它黑而亮,看上去像煤。
D what is he?表示他从事什么职业:
—What is his father?
—He is a tailor.
—他父亲是干什么的?
—他是个裁缝。
what作形容词时可用于指人,但不常见:What students are you talking about?(你们在谈论哪些学生?)这种用法是可以的,但用Which students…?时较为常见。
E what和how用于有关度量等的提问中
what主要与这些名词连用为what+age/depth/height/length/ width,但在口语中用how old/deep/high/tall/long/wide?结构。在需要准确的回答时用what size/weight?结构,尽管也可用how big/heavy?结构:
What age are you?/What is your age?/How old are you?
你多大年龄?
What height is he?/What is his height?/How tall is he?
他有多高?
What is the weight of the parcel?/How heavy is it?
包裹有多重?
What size do you take in shoes?
你穿多大号的鞋?




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59 which与who和what的比较

A which和who用于指物的例子:
What will you have to drink?
你想喝点什么?
There is gin,whisky and sherry;which will you have?
我们这里有杜松子酒、威士忌酒以及雪利酒。您想要哪一种?
—What does it cost to get to Scotland?
—It depends on how you go.
—Which(way) is the cheapest?/Which is the cheapest(way)?
—到苏格兰去要花多少钱?
—这要看你怎么走。
—哪一种走法最省钱?
—I’ve seen the play and the film.
—What did you think of them? Which(of them) did you like best?
—我看了戏剧和电影。
—你觉得(它们)怎么样?你最喜欢哪一个?
B which和who用于指人的例子:
—Who do you want to speak to?
—I want to speak to Mr Smith.
—We have two Smiths here. Which(of them) do you want?
—你想找谁谈?
—我想找史密斯先生谈。
—我们这里有两位姓史密斯的。你要找的是哪一位?
which(代词)指人的时候,不能单独用做动词的主语:
Which of you knows the formula?
你们谁知道这个公式?(“of you”是必要的。)
也可以说:
Who knows the formula?
C which(形容词)表示轻微限定的意思时可以用于指人:
Which poet(of all the poets) do you like best?
(在所有的诗人当中)你最喜欢哪一位诗人?
这里可以用what代替which,并且更合乎逻辑,但通常避免用
形容词what来指人。




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60疑问副词why,when,where和how

A why?的含义是“为什么”:—Why was he late?
—He missed the bus.
—他为什么迟到了?
—他没赶上公共汽车。
B when?的含义是“什么时候”:—When do you get up?
—7a.m.
—你平常什么时候起床?
—早晨7点。
C where?的含义是“什么地方”:—Where do you live?
—In London.
—你住在哪儿?
—住在伦敦。
D how?的含义是“怎么样”:
—How did you e?
—I came by plane.
—你是怎么来的?
—我是乘飞机来的。
—How do you start the engine?
—You press the button.
—怎样启动发动机?
—按这个按钮。
how还可有以下用法:
1与形容词连用(参见第25节C):
How strong are you?
你有多大劲儿?
How important is this letter?
这封信的重要性有多大?
(关于how+old/high等,参见第58节E。)
2与much和many连用:
How much(money) do you want?
你需要多少钱?
How many(pictures)did you buy?
你买了多少幅(画)?
3与副词连用:
How fast does he drive?
他开得有多快?
How often do you go abroad?
你多长时间出一次国?
How badly was he hurt?
他伤得怎么样?
How soon can you e?
你多快能赶来?
注意How is she?(她身体怎么样?)询问的是她的健康状况,而What is she like?(她长得什么样?)询问的是她的外貌。(参见第58节C。)
不要把How are you?(你身体怎么样?)和How do you do? (您好!)搞混。当两个人被介绍认识时,双方都说How do you do?这只是一句问候语而不是真的提出一个问题。(参见第126节。)




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61 ever位于who,what,where

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